India’s Growing Role as a Unifier in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

Introduction

India's growing role as a unifier in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has been gaining global attention. Initiatives like the Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) and the SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) doctrine highlight India’s efforts to enhance regional cooperation and maritime security. Given the strategic, economic, and geopolitical importance of the IOR, India is playing a crucial role in stabilizing and integrating the region.

Importance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) for India

1. Strategic Maritime Security

   • The IOR acts as a buffer against external threats and provides India with a strategic advantage for naval power projection.

2. Economic Lifeline

   • Around 80% of India's external trade and 90% of its energy imports pass through the IOR, making it critical for India’s economy.

3. Energy Security

   • India’s dependence on oil imports makes securing Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) crucial for uninterrupted energy supplies.

4. Geopolitical Influence

   • The IOR allows India to counter China’s String of Pearls strategy, which aims to encircle India through investments in regional ports and military bases.

5. Environmental and Disaster Management

   • The IOR plays a crucial role in climate regulation and disaster response during cyclones, tsunamis, and other natural calamities.

Measures Taken by India in the IOR

1. Maritime Diplomacy

   • India conducts 17 multilateral and 20 bilateral naval exercises annually to strengthen maritime cooperation.

2. Infrastructure Development

   • The Sagarmala Programme aims to modernize ports and improve connectivity to boost trade and economic growth.

3. Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA)

   • The Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) enhances real-time surveillance and monitoring capabilities.

4. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)

   • India serves as a first responder in regional crises, providing aid during natural disasters.

5. Blue Economy Initiatives

   • India’s Deep Ocean Mission explores polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean Basin for resource extraction.

Challenges to India’s Role as a Unifier in IOR

1. Growing Chinese Influence

   • China’s String of Pearls strategy and military bases like Djibouti challenge India’s regional dominance.

   • Example: Chinese investments in Hambantota (Sri Lanka) and Gwadar (Pakistan) create strategic concerns for India.

2. Maritime Security Threats

   • Piracy, terrorism, and illegal fishing persist in the region.

   • Example: The 2023 attack on MV Chem Pluto highlighted evolving maritime terrorism.

3. Geopolitical Tensions

   • Strained relations with neighbors like Maldives and Sri Lanka impact regional unity.

   • Example: The Maldives’ “India-Out” campaign reflects fragile bilateral ties.

4. Climate Change and Environmental Degradation

   • Rising sea levels and frequent cyclones threaten coastal security and economies.

   • Example: Cyclone Remal (May 2024) strained India’s disaster response capabilities.

5. Non-Traditional Security Threats

   • Cyberattacks and drug trafficking are emerging threats.

   • Example: A ransomware attack on Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (2017) exposed cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

Way Forward: Strengthening India’s Role as a Unifier in the IOR

1. Enhance Naval Capabilities

   • Accelerate the production of indigenous aircraft carriers and submarines.

   • Example: INS Vikrant should be replicated to strengthen India's naval dominance.

2. Expand Strategic Partnerships

   • Strengthen ties with IOR littoral states and major powers like the US and France.

   • Example: The India-France-UAE trilateral initiative fosters regional security cooperation.

3. Boost Maritime Infrastructure

   • Fast-track projects like the Great Nicobar transshipment hub to improve connectivity.

   • Example: The Sittwe Port in Myanmar enhances regional trade under the Kaladan project.

4. Promote Blue Economy

   • Focus on sustainable resource exploitation and marine tourism.

   • Example: India’s Deep Ocean Mission explores underwater resources for economic gains.

5. Strengthen Disaster Response

   • Develop forward operating bases and enhance NDRF capabilities for rapid response.

   • Example: INS Jalashwa provided aid to Madagascar, showcasing India’s HADR leadership.

Conclusion

India's role as a unifier in the Indian Ocean Region is crucial for regional stability and security. By tackling geopolitical challenges, maritime threats, and environmental concerns, India can position itself as a net security provider and a leader in maritime diplomacy. A cohesive strategy and enhanced partnerships will ensure India's dominance in the IOR, safeguarding both economic and security interests.

"A strong and united Indian Ocean Region is essential for India's national security and global leadership."

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MCQs for UPSC CSE

1. Which of the following is NOT a part of India’s maritime strategy in the IOR? a) Sagarmala Programme
   b) Information Fusion Centre (IFC-IOR)
   c) Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
   d) Deep Ocean Mission
   Answer: c) Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

2. What is the primary objective of the SAGAR doctrine? a) Strengthening India’s land borders b) Enhancing India’s nuclear capabilities c) Ensuring maritime security and regional cooperation d) Expanding India’s air defense network Answer: c) Ensuring maritime security and regional cooperation

3. The String of Pearls strategy is associated with which country? a) India
   b) China
   c) USA
   d) Japan
   Answer: b) China

4. Which of the following ports is developed under the Kaladan project? a) Chabahar Port b) Gwadar Port c) Hambantota Port d) Sittwe Port Answer: d) Sittwe Port

5. What percentage of India’s external trade passes through the IOR? a) 50%
   b) 60%
   c) 80%
   d) 90%
   Answer: c) 80%

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Mains Question

"India's role in the Indian Ocean Region is crucial for regional security and economic stability." Discuss the challenges India faces and suggest measures to strengthen its position as a unifier in the IOR. (250 words).

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