Monday, March 17, 2025

UN Peacekeeping: Success, Failures & Future Reforms

UN Peacekeeping: Success, Failures & Future Reforms

Introduction

The United Nations (UN) was established in 1945 with the primary goal of maintaining global peace and security. Over the decades, the UN has played a crucial role in conflict resolution through diplomatic negotiations, peacekeeping missions, and humanitarian assistance. However, its track record has been a mix of successes and failures, with notable shortcomings in Rwanda, Bosnia, Ukraine, and West Asia. While some UN peacekeeping operations have helped stabilize war-torn regions, the organization's limitations have often made it a passive observer rather than an active enforcer of peace. This article critically examines the UN's effectiveness in conflict resolution and peacekeeping, exploring its legal framework, successes, failures, challenges, and necessary reforms.


Legal Framework for Conflict Resolution in the UN Charter

The UN Charter provides a legal foundation for conflict resolution, detailing mechanisms under three key chapters:

Chapter VI: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

  • Encourages diplomacy, mediation, and negotiations to resolve conflicts before they escalate.

  • Tools include dialogue, good offices, arbitration, and international judicial mechanisms.

Chapter VII: Use of Force for Global Security

  • Authorizes the UN Security Council (UNSC) to take military action if peace is breached.

  • Member states contribute military or police forces to UN peacekeeping operations.

Chapter VIII: Regional Peace Enforcement

  • Supports regional organizations in peacekeeping efforts.

  • Requires Security Council approval for military interventions by regional groups like NATO and the African Union.


Success Stories: UN’s Role in Peacekeeping

Over the past 70 years, the UN has deployed peacekeeping forces to various conflict zones, successfully restoring stability in several regions. Key examples include:

Cambodia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Angola, Timor-Leste, Liberia, and Kosovo

  • In these nations, UN peacekeeping forces successfully brokered peace deals, supported post-war reconstruction, and protected civilians.

  • The UN's efforts in Kosovo (1999) helped prevent further ethnic violence and facilitated state-building efforts.

  • In Liberia (2003), UN peacekeepers played a vital role in disarming warring factions and overseeing democratic elections.

These examples highlight that when backed by international political will and adequate resources, the UN can be an effective force for peace.


Major Failures: UN as a Passive Observer

Despite its mandate, the UN has failed to prevent some of the worst humanitarian crises of the modern era.

Rwanda Genocide (1994)

  • Nearly 1 million Tutsi civilians were massacred within 100 days.

  • UN peacekeepers were present but lacked authorization to intervene, rendering them powerless.

Bosnia (1995) – Srebrenica Massacre

  • The UN declared Srebrenica a “safe zone” but failed to prevent the massacre of 8,000 Bosniak Muslims.

  • The Dutch peacekeeping forces stationed there were unable to stop the advancing Bosnian Serb forces.

Key Lesson:

Although the UN has a legal mandate to protect civilians, its failures in Rwanda and Bosnia exposed a lack of political will and operational authority.


Recent Conflicts: UN’s Bystander Status in Ukraine and West Asia

Russia-Ukraine War (2022-present)

  • Despite over 100,000 UN peacekeepers deployed worldwide, none were sent to Ukraine.

  • Russia's veto power in the UNSC blocked any meaningful intervention.

Israel-Gaza Conflict

  • Thousands of civilians have died, yet UN peacekeepers have not been deployed.

  • In past conflicts like Cyprus and Timor-Leste, small UN forces helped stabilize regions, but no such initiative has been taken in Gaza.

Missed Opportunity:
  • If the UN had deployed peacekeeping forces early in Ukraine or Gaza, large-scale humanitarian crises could have been mitigated.


Challenges in the UN Security Council

The Security Council is the most powerful organ of the UN but suffers from structural limitations that prevent decisive action.

Veto Power Problem

  • The five permanent members (P5) — U.S., U.K., France, Russia, and China — can veto any resolution.

  • Example: Russia blocked UN resolutions on Ukraine, while the U.S. has vetoed resolutions regarding Israel.

Lack of Global South Representation

  • Major contributors to UN peacekeeping, such as India and South Africa, lack permanent representation.

Proposed Reforms:
  • Expand the UNSC to P7 by including India and South Africa.

  • Introduce a majority-based voting system to reduce single-country veto power.

  • Establish emergency mechanisms to override vetoes in cases of genocide or humanitarian crises.


The Future of UN Peacekeeping: Reforms Needed

To maintain credibility, the UN must adopt structural and operational reforms:

1. Deploy Peacekeeping Forces Proactively

  • Peacekeeping missions should be deployed at early stages of conflict rather than after escalation.

2. Strengthen Mandates for Civilian Protection

  • Past missions like Kosovo and Timor-Leste proved that a small but decisive UN force can prevent mass atrocities.

3. Make the Security Council More Representative

  • Expand permanent membership and revise veto mechanisms to allow for more inclusive decision-making.

4. Increase Peacekeeping Fund Allocation

  • Adequate funding ensures that peacekeepers have the necessary resources for effective operations.


Conclusion

The UN remains a vital institution for global peace, but its structural limitations, particularly in the Security Council, often render it ineffective in preventing conflicts. The failures in Rwanda, Bosnia, Ukraine, and Gaza highlight the urgent need for reform. To transform from a bystander to an active peace enforcer, the UN must implement significant changes, including Security Council expansion, veto reform, and proactive peacekeeping deployments.


UPSC CSE Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

  1. Which UN Charter chapter authorizes military action for global security?
    a) Chapter IV
    b) Chapter VI
    c) Chapter VII
    d) Chapter IX
    Answer: c) Chapter VII

  2. What was the key reason for UN inaction during the Rwanda Genocide?
    a) Lack of funding
    b) Lack of Security Council approval for intervention
    c) Opposition from African Union
    d) Absence of peacekeepers
    Answer: b) Lack of Security Council approval for intervention


UPSC CSE Mains Question

Q: “Despite having robust mechanisms for peaceful dispute settlement and armed intervention, the United Nations has often been accused of being a ‘bystander’ in critical conflicts.” Discuss with examples how the UN has succeeded and failed in its peacekeeping missions. (250 words).

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