Tribes in News: Soliga, Pardhi, and Irula Tribes – Culture, Challenges & Conservation

 

Introduction

India is home to 705 officially recognized tribal groups, each with unique traditions, languages, and cultural practices. Among them, the Soliga, Pardhi, and Irula tribes have recently been in the news for their contributions to conservation, cultural preservation, and legal battles. These tribes highlight India’s rich indigenous heritage, but they also face socio-economic challenges that threaten their traditional way of life.

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Soliga Tribe: Conservation Champions of Karnataka

Why in News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi praised the Soliga tribe for their role in increasing the tiger population in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve, Karnataka.

Key Facts about Soliga Tribe

• Location:
  • Karnataka – Biligiri Rangana Hills (BRT Tiger Reserve) & Male Mahadeshwara Hills.
• Language & Culture:
  • Speak Sholaga, a Dravidian dialect.
  • Worship Biligiri Ranganatha Swamy (Vishnu) and practice nature-based spiritual traditions.
• Livelihood:
  • Engage in shifting agriculture, honey collection, and minor forest produce trade.
  • Actively participate in eco-tourism and wildlife conservation.
• Conservation Efforts:
  • Successfully co-exist with wildlife, reducing human-animal conflict.
  • Contribute to sustainable forest management and biodiversity protection.

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Pardhi Tribe: Fighting Social Stigma & Legal Challenges

Why in News?

Activists and lawyers opposed the Madhya Pradesh government’s search and surveillance order on nomadic tribes, including the Pardhi community, raising concerns over racial profiling and discrimination.

Key Facts about Pardhi Tribe

• Location:
  • Found in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh.
• Language & Culture:
  • Speak Marathi, Hindi, and local dialects.
  • Worship nature-linked deities and follow Hindu traditions.
  • Subgroups: Vaghri Pardhi, Phase Pardhi, Pal Pardhi, Gav Pardhi, Takankar, Takari.
• Traditional Livelihood:
  • Historically known for hunting and tracking skills.
  • Post-hunting ban, they shifted to agriculture, handicrafts, and small-scale trading.
• Challenges Faced:
  • Historically classified as a Denotified Tribe (DNT) under the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, leading to stigma and police harassment.
  • Face poverty, lack of education, and poor employment opportunities.
  • Struggle for legal recognition and inclusion in welfare programs.

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Irula Tribe: Reviving the Ancient Ramar Koothu Dance

Why in News?

A nine-day workshop in Attappady, Kerala, aims to revive Ramar Koothu, a traditional dance-drama of the Irula tribe, which is nearing extinction.

Key Facts about Irula Tribe

• Location:
  • Primarily found in Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri), Kerala (Palakkad, Attappady), and Karnataka (Bengaluru Rural, Chikkaballapur).
• Language & Culture:
  • Speak Irula, a Dravidian language.
  • Perform Ramar Koothu, a Ramayana-based dance-drama.
  • Follow animistic traditions blended with Hindu beliefs.
• Traditional Livelihood:
  • Skilled in snake-catching and herbal medicine.
  • Depend on minor forest produce, honey collection, and small-scale farming.
  • Many have shifted to plantation work and construction labor due to modernization.
• Challenges Faced:
  • Loss of cultural identity due to urbanization.
  • Limited access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
  • Deforestation and land encroachment threatening their traditional way of life.

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Challenges Faced by India’s Tribal Communities

1. Loss of Traditional Livelihoods – Bans on hunting, deforestation, and lack of economic opportunities have displaced many tribes.
2. Discrimination & Legal Issues – Some tribes, like the Pardhi, still face police harassment and social stigma due to their past classification as criminal tribes.
3. Lack of Education & Healthcare – Many indigenous communities have low literacy rates and inadequate medical facilities.
4. Encroachment & Land Rights Conflicts – Industrialization and urban expansion threaten traditional tribal lands.
5. Cultural Erosion – Indigenous languages, art forms, and traditions are disappearing due to modernization.

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Government Initiatives for Tribal Welfare

• Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 – Grants legal land ownership to forest-dwelling communities.
• Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana – Focuses on education, health, and employment for tribal populations.
• Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) – Provides quality education to tribal children.
• Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation (TRIFED) – Promotes tribal handicrafts, art, and products.
• PVTG Development Programs – Special funds allocated for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).

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Way Forward

1. Cultural Preservation: Establish tribal cultural centers to document and revive traditional practices like Ramar Koothu.
2. Economic Empowerment: Promote eco-tourism, sustainable agriculture, and handicrafts to provide alternative livelihoods.
3. Legal Protection: Implement strict anti-discrimination laws to safeguard tribal rights.
4. Educational Reforms: Expand scholarships, digital learning, and vocational training for tribal youth.
5. Community Participation: Strengthen tribal self-governance to ensure their active role in decision-making.

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Conclusion

India’s tribal communities are an integral part of its cultural and ecological diversity. While the Soliga tribe is excelling in wildlife conservation, the Pardhi tribe is fighting against social discrimination, and the Irula tribe is striving to preserve its heritage. To ensure sustainable development, government policies must empower, protect, and integrate tribal communities into mainstream society while respecting their traditional ways of life.

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UPSC MCQs on Tribes in News

1. Which tribe was recently praised for its role in increasing the tiger population in BRT Tiger Reserve, Karnataka?
   a) Pardhi
   b) Irula
   c) Soliga
   d) Bhil
   Answer: c) Soliga

2. The Pardhi tribe, often associated with hunting traditions, is mainly found in which states?
   a) Tamil Nadu and Kerala
   b) Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
   c) Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
   d) Gujarat and Rajasthan
   Answer: b) Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh

3. Which traditional dance-drama of the Irula tribe is being revived in Kerala?
   a) Yakshagana
   b) Ramar Koothu
   c) Theyyam
   d) Bihu
   Answer: b) Ramar Koothu

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Mains Practice Question

"India’s tribal communities are key to environmental conservation and cultural diversity. Discuss the challenges they face and suggest measures for their empowerment." (250 words)

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• Gharial Conservation in India: Status, Threats & P...

Gharial Conservation in India: Status, Threats & Protection Efforts

 

Introduction

The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), one of the most unique crocodilian species, is critically endangered and faces multiple conservation challenges. Recently, the Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister released 10 gharials into the Chambal River at the National Chambal Sanctuary to strengthen conservation efforts. With over 80% of India's gharial population, Madhya Pradesh plays a crucial role in protecting this species.

What is a Gharial?

The gharial is a freshwater crocodilian with a long, narrow snout adapted for catching fish. Unlike other crocodiles, gharials do not attack humans and primarily feed on fish.

• Scientific Name: Gavialis gangeticus
• IUCN Status: Critically Endangered
• Wildlife Protection Act (India): Schedule I species (highest legal protection)
• Distinct Feature: Males have a bulbous nasal growth called a "ghara", which amplifies vocalizations during mating.

Gharial Population & Distribution in India

Gharials were once widespread in river systems across South Asia, but their range has drastically shrunk. Today, major gharial habitats in India include:

✅ Chambal River (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh) – Largest population
✅ Ganges & Yamuna Rivers (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar)
✅ Son & Gandak Rivers (Bihar, Jharkhand)
✅ Mahanadi & Brahmaputra Rivers (Odisha, Assam)

Key Physical & Biological Features

• Size: Males grow up to 6 meters, while females reach 2.6 – 4.5 meters.
• Diet: Primarily fish, making them an essential part of riverine ecosystems.
• Reproduction: Mating occurs in November–January, and females lay eggs on sandbanks during March–May.

Major Threats to Gharials

Despite conservation efforts, gharials remain highly threatened due to:

🚧 Habitat Destruction: Dams, embankments, and sand mining disrupt nesting sites.
🎣 Fishing & Bycatch: Gharials get accidentally trapped in gillnets, leading to fatalities.
☣ Pollution: Industrial waste, pesticides, and plastic poisoning impact their health.
🦴 Historical Exploitation: Previously hunted for skin, trophies, and traditional medicine.

Gharial Conservation Efforts in India

The National Chambal Sanctuary, established in 1979, plays a vital role in gharial conservation. Key initiatives include:

🏞 National Chambal Gharial Sanctuary: 435 km of protected river stretch in Chambal.
🐊 Captive Breeding & Release Program: Since 1975, gharials have been bred in captivity and released into rivers.
🏖 Restoring Sandbanks: Protecting nesting areas to support gharial reproduction.
👥 Community Participation: Engaging locals & fishermen in conservation efforts.

Way Forward

✅ Strict Anti-Pollution Laws: Enforce regulations to reduce industrial & plastic waste in rivers.
✅ Sustainable Fishing Practices: Implement eco-friendly fishing techniques to prevent accidental bycatch.
✅ Expand Protected Areas: Increase the coverage of sanctuaries and reserves for better habitat security.
✅ Public Awareness: Educate communities about the ecological importance of gharials in maintaining river biodiversity.

Conclusion

The gharial is a keystone species essential for healthy river ecosystems. While India has made significant conservation strides, the species remains at risk due to habitat destruction, pollution, and illegal fishing. Strengthening conservation policies, expanding protected areas, and community-based initiatives will be crucial to ensuring the survival of gharials in India.

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UPSC CSE MCQs on Gharials

📌 1. Gharials are primarily found in which type of habitat?
a) Mangrove forests
b) Freshwater rivers
c) Coastal estuaries
d) Saltwater lakes

✅ Answer: b) Freshwater rivers

📌 2. What is the primary diet of gharials?
a) Small mammals
b) Birds
c) Fish
d) Amphibians

✅ Answer: c) Fish

📌 3. Which sanctuary in India is dedicated to gharial conservation?
a) Manas National Park
b) Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary
c) National Chambal Sanctuary
d) Sundarbans National Park

✅ Answer: c) National Chambal Sanctuary

📌 4. What is the IUCN conservation status of the gharial?
a) Vulnerable
b) Endangered
c) Critically Endangered
d) Near Threatened

✅ Answer: c) Critically Endangered

📌 5. What is the purpose of the gharial’s ‘ghara’ structure?
a) Helps in catching prey
b) Aids in underwater breathing
c) Produces mating calls
d) Used for defense against predators

✅ Answer: c) Produces mating calls

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UPSC Mains Question on Gharials

📝 Q: Discuss the significance of gharials in maintaining river ecosystems. What are the key threats to their survival, and what conservation strategies can be implemented to ensure their long-term protection? (250 words).

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• Black Plastic: Health Risks, Environmental Impact ...

Black Plastic: Health Risks, Environmental Impact & Safety Concerns

Introduction

Black plastic is widely used in everyday products, from food containers and kitchen utensils to electronics and automobile components. However, recent studies have raised concerns about toxic chemicals in black plastic, particularly flame retardants and heavy metals, which pose serious health and environmental risks.

This article explores the composition, risks, and recycling challenges of black plastic, along with safer alternatives and regulatory measures.

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What is Black Plastic?

Black plastic is a type of synthetic polymer that is commonly produced from recycled electronic waste such as old TVs, computers, and home appliances. It is used extensively due to its durability, heat resistance, and aesthetic appeal.

Applications of Black Plastic

• Kitchen Utensils: Spatulas, peelers, trays, and storage containers.

• Electronics: Housings for TVs, chargers, and cables.

• Automobile Industry: Dashboards, interiors, and car parts.

• Consumer Goods: Toys, furniture, and cosmetic packaging.

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Composition of Black Plastic

Black plastic is mainly composed of polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE). However, studies have found that it often contains toxic flame retardants and heavy metals, which can be hazardous to human health and the environment.

Toxic Chemicals in Black Plastic

1. Flame Retardants:

   • Brominated Compounds (e.g., decabromodiphenyl ether, BDE-209)

   • Chlorinated Compounds (found in recycled plastic materials)

2. Heavy Metals:

   • Lead (Pb): Neurotoxic and linked to cognitive impairments.

   • Mercury (Hg): Affects brain and kidney function.

   • Cadmium (Cd): Carcinogenic and harmful to the lungs and bones.

These chemicals leach into food and accumulate in the body, posing long-term health risks.

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Health Risks of Black Plastic

1. Food Contamination

• Heat Exposure: When black plastic kitchen utensils and containers are heated (e.g., microwaving food in plastic), toxic chemicals can leach into food.

• Acidic & Fatty Foods: Certain foods (like citrus or oily dishes) can increase leaching of harmful compounds.

2. Carcinogenic & Neurotoxic Effects

• Heavy metals in black plastic have been linked to cancer, hormonal imbalances, and neurological disorders.

• Flame retardants interfere with thyroid hormones and brain development, especially in children.

3. Environmental Pollution

• Difficult to Recycle: Black pigments absorb infrared sorting rays, making black plastic challenging to detect and recycle.

• Microplastic Contamination: Black plastic breaks down into microplastics, which enter the food chain and harm marine ecosystems.

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Is Black Plastic Safe for Use?

While black plastic is widely used, the presence of undetected toxic compounds makes it potentially hazardous. Regulatory gaps and lack of standardized testing mean that not all black plastic products meet safety guidelines.

Safer Alternatives to Black Plastic

1. Glass & Stainless Steel – Ideal for food storage and cookware.

2. Silicone-Based Kitchenware – Heat-resistant and free from harmful chemicals.

3. Bamboo & Wooden Utensils – Sustainable and biodegradable.

4. BPA-Free Plastics – Ensure plastic is labeled as BPA-free and food-grade.

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Steps to Reduce Black Plastic Usage

• Check Labels: Avoid plastics with recycling codes 3 (PVC) and 7 (Other).

• Use Alternative Materials: Shift to glass, silicone, or stainless steel.

• Avoid Microwaving in Plastic: Transfer food to ceramic or glass containers.

• Support Plastic Recycling Initiatives: Promote eco-friendly waste management.

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Government Regulations on Black Plastic

India’s Plastic Waste Management Rules (2022)

• Single-use plastic ban: Restricts hazardous plastic items.

• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Mandates proper disposal of plastic waste by manufacturers.

• Recycling Targets: Encourages the use of safer materials in plastic production.

EU & US Regulations

• The EU restricts toxic flame retardants in consumer products.

• FDA guidelines advise against using certain plastic materials for food storage.

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Conclusion

Black plastic, although widely used, poses serious health and environmental risks due to toxic additives and poor recyclability. Governments and industries must strengthen regulations and promote eco-friendly alternatives to ensure safety. Consumers can contribute by reducing plastic dependency and opting for sustainable materials.

By making informed choices, we can protect human health and minimize environmental pollution caused by black plastic waste.

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UPSC CSE: MCQs on Black Plastic

1. Which of the following chemicals are commonly found in black plastic?

A) Brominated flame retardants
B) Lead and cadmium
C) Mercury and polystyrene
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above

2. Why is black plastic difficult to recycle?

A) It absorbs infrared sorting rays, making detection harder. B) It is biodegradable and breaks down too quickly. C) It is more expensive to melt and reform. D) It contains high amounts of chlorine, which affects recycling. Answer: A) It absorbs infrared sorting rays, making detection harder.

3. Which industry uses black plastic extensively?

A) Automobile sector
B) Kitchenware industry
C) Electronics manufacturing
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above

4. Which of the following is a safer alternative to black plastic for food storage?

A) PVC-based plastic
B) Glass and stainless steel
C) Polystyrene containers
D) None of the above
Answer: B) Glass and stainless steel

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UPSC Mains Question

Q. Black plastic is widely used in various industries but poses serious environmental and health risks. Discuss the concerns associated with black plastic and suggest viable alternatives to reduce its negative impact. (250 words).

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• SWAYATT Initiative: Empowering Startups, Women, an...

SWAYATT Initiative: Empowering Startups, Women and Youth on GeM

 

Introduction

The SWAYATT initiative on the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) has successfully completed six years, significantly empowering startups, women entrepreneurs, and youth in public procurement. Launched in 2019, this initiative has transformed India's digital procurement ecosystem, fostering economic growth and inclusivity.

What is the SWAYATT Initiative?

Full Form:

SWAYATT stands for Startups, Women & Youth Advantage Through e-Transactions.

Launched On:

• 19th February 2019

Ministry:

• Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India

Platform:

• Integrated with the Government e-Marketplace (GeM), India's national public procurement portal.

Objectives of the SWAYATT Initiative

1. Promote Inclusion in Public Procurement

• Encourage women entrepreneurs, startups, and youth to actively participate in government tenders.

• Ensure better representation of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) and Self-Help Groups (SHGs).

2. Empower Marginalized Groups

• Provide economic opportunities to backward sections of society.

• Reduce dependence on intermediaries by offering direct market access.

3. Strengthen Market Access

• Facilitate ease of doing business by simplifying procurement processes.

• Enable digital transactions to improve transparency and efficiency.

4. Boost Economic Growth

• Encourage local entrepreneurship, thereby increasing employment opportunities.

• Strengthen 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' by boosting local supply chains.

Key Features of SWAYATT Initiative

1. Dedicated Storefronts

• Startup Runway: A special marketplace for startups to showcase and sell their products.

• Womaniya: A platform designed to promote women-led enterprises.

2. Capacity Building & Training

• Skill development programs for last-mile sellers.

• Workshops and awareness campaigns for women entrepreneurs.

3. Partnerships & Collaborations

• MoU with FICCI-FLO: Strengthening advocacy and training for 9,500+ women entrepreneurs.

• Udyam-Verified Sellers: More than 1,77,786 women-led MSEs are registered on GeM.

4. Expanding Startup Ecosystem

• Over 29,000+ startups supported under the initiative.

• Cumulative orders worth ₹35,950 crore allocated to startups.

Impact of SWAYATT Initiative

1. Increased Participation of Women Entrepreneurs

• Women entrepreneurs now constitute 8% of all sellers on GeM.

• Orders worth ₹46,615 crore fulfilled by women-led MSEs.

2. Startup & Youth Empowerment

• Increased representation of youth-led enterprises in government procurement.

• Government projects offering greater opportunities to tech-driven and innovative startups.

3. Transparent & Efficient Procurement System

• Reduced corruption and middlemen intervention.

• Faster and more efficient public procurement process.

Challenges Faced by the Initiative

1. Digital Literacy Gap

• Many MSEs and SHGs lack digital literacy, limiting their participation.

2. Market Awareness & Reach

• Low awareness about GeM and SWAYATT among rural entrepreneurs.

3. Competitive Barriers for Startups

• Startups struggle to compete with established businesses for large contracts.

4. Supply Chain & Logistics Constraints

• Logistics and distribution issues create hurdles for small businesses.

Government Measures to Strengthen SWAYATT

1. Simplification of Procurement Norms

• Relaxed eligibility criteria for startups and women entrepreneurs.

• Faster onboarding and registration process on GeM.

2. Financial Support & Subsidies

• Special financial schemes for women-led and youth-driven enterprises.

• Reduced fees and easier loan availability under Mudra Yojana.

3. Awareness Campaigns

• National and regional workshops to educate small businesses.

• Digital marketing initiatives to promote GeM adoption.

4. Strengthening Digital Infrastructure

• Expansion of GeM's digital framework to rural and semi-urban areas.

• Integration of AI and data analytics for better seller-buyer matchmaking.

Way Forward

1. Scaling Awareness Programs

• Government should conduct regular training sessions to educate potential sellers.

• Social media and digital campaigns to promote SWAYATT and GeM.

2. Improving Logistics & Supply Chain

• Collaboration with India Post and logistics providers to streamline delivery networks.

• Special incentives for startups in rural and semi-urban areas.

3. Strengthening Financial Inclusion

• Providing easy access to credit and subsidies for new entrants.

• Encouraging women-led financial empowerment programs.

4. Expanding Global Market Access

• Leveraging GeM for international trade partnerships.

• Facilitating global exposure for Indian startups and MSMEs.

Conclusion

The SWAYATT initiative has played a crucial role in democratizing public procurement, providing opportunities for startups, women entrepreneurs, and youth. By integrating digital tools and expanding financial support, India can further enhance inclusive growth and economic self-reliance. Strengthening logistics, digital literacy, and market outreach will be essential for maximizing its potential.

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MCQs for UPSC CSE on SWAYATT Initiative

1. What is the full form of SWAYATT?

a) Startup, Women & Youth Assistance for Trade and Transactions
b) Startups, Women & Youth Advantage Through e-Transactions
c) Small-Scale Women & Youth Transactions and Trade
d) Sustainable Women & Youth Empowerment Through Trade
Answer: b)

2. Which government platform is SWAYATT integrated with?

a) Digital India Marketplace
b) Bharat Procurement Portal
c) Government e-Marketplace (GeM)
d) Startup India Portal
Answer: c)

3. What is a key feature of the SWAYATT initiative?

a) Eliminating women entrepreneurs from government tenders
b) Encouraging private sector procurement over government contracts
c) Promoting startups, women entrepreneurs, and youth in public procurement
d) Banning small enterprises from government contracts
Answer: c)

4. When was SWAYATT launched?

a) 2018
b) 2019
c) 2020
d) 2021
Answer: b)

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UPSC Mains Practice Question

"Discuss the role of the SWAYATT initiative in transforming India’s public procurement system. How can it be further strengthened to achieve inclusive economic growth?" (250 words)

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• SPHEREx Space Telescope: NASA's Mission to Map the...

SPHEREx Space Telescope: NASA's Mission to Map the Universe & Find Life

 

Introduction

NASA's SPHEREx Space Telescope is set to revolutionize our understanding of the cosmos. With a mission to create a 3D map of the universe, explore cosmic inflation, and search for water and organic molecules in the Milky Way, this telescope is a major step forward in space exploration and astrobiology. The SPHEREx mission will provide crucial data to help astronomers uncover the mysteries of galaxy formation, planetary evolution, and the origins of life.

What is SPHEREx?

Full Form:

SPHEREx stands for Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer.

Mission Type:

A space telescope designed to survey the entire sky in optical and near-infrared light.

Mission Duration:

A two-year mission to map the universe and study its origins.

Launched By:

• Agency: NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

• Rocket: SpaceX Falcon 9

Objectives of SPHEREx Space Telescope

1. Studying Cosmic Inflation

• The universe underwent a rapid expansion immediately after the Big Bang.

• SPHEREx will analyze cosmic infrared light to detect signals from this early inflationary period.

2. Mapping Galaxies Across Time

• Surveys over 450 million galaxies, covering 13.8 billion years of cosmic history.

• Helps scientists understand how galaxies formed, evolved, and clustered.

3. Searching for Water and Organic Molecules

• Identifies reservoirs of water and life-essential molecules in star-forming regions.

• Helps determine whether conditions for life exist in other planetary systems.

4. Creating a 3D Map of the Universe

• Develops a high-resolution map in 102 color bands, surpassing previous all-sky surveys.

• Provides a comprehensive view of cosmic structures.

Key Features of SPHEREx

1. Advanced Infrared Technology

• Uses near-infrared light to observe distant galaxies, stars, and planets.

• Detects objects that are invisible to the human eye.

2. All-Sky Survey

• Unlike previous missions, SPHEREx will scan the entire sky every six months.

• Will produce a database of millions of celestial objects.

3. High-Resolution Spectroscopy

• Provides data in 102 infrared bands, enabling detailed chemical composition analysis.

• Surpasses previous infrared missions, such as WISE and 2MASS.

4. Target Identification for Future Missions

• Identifies objects for further study by James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.

• Helps refine the search for exoplanets, galaxies, and cosmic structures.

Why is SPHEREx Important?

1. Understanding Cosmic Inflation

• Provides new insights into how the universe expanded exponentially.

• Helps refine models of Big Bang cosmology.

2. Discovering the Building Blocks of Life

• Searches for organic molecules and water ice in star-forming regions.

• Provides critical data on how planets and life may have formed.

3. Aiding Future Space Missions

• Data from SPHEREx will guide upcoming space exploration projects.

• Supports the search for habitable exoplanets.

4. Global Scientific Collaboration

• The mission involves international partners like the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute.

• Strengthens cooperation in astrobiology and space exploration.

Potential Discoveries and Impact

• Origins of the Universe: Confirms theories about the earliest moments of cosmic history.

• Exoplanet Habitability: Finds potential life-supporting conditions in other star systems.

• Dark Matter & Dark Energy: Contributes to understanding the large-scale structure of the universe.

• Space Exploration Roadmap: Provides a foundation for future NASA and global space missions.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) for UPSC CSE

1. What is the primary objective of the SPHEREx Space Telescope?

a) To study black holes b) To create a 3D cosmic map and study cosmic inflation c) To detect gravitational waves d) To measure solar activity

Answer: b) To create a 3D cosmic map and study cosmic inflation

2. Which space agency is responsible for the SPHEREx mission?

a) ISRO b) ESA c) NASA d) Roscosmos

Answer: c) NASA

3. What type of light does SPHEREx primarily use for observations?

a) Ultraviolet b) X-rays c) Infrared d) Gamma rays

Answer: c) Infrared

4. How many galaxies is SPHEREx expected to survey?

a) 10 million b) 50 million c) 450 million d) 1 billion

Answer: c) 450 million

5. Which rocket is launching the SPHEREx telescope?

a) Ariane 5 b) Falcon 9 c) PSLV-C51 d) Soyuz-2

Answer: b) Falcon 9

Mains Question

"Discuss the significance of the SPHEREx Space Telescope in the study of cosmic inflation and the search for life-supporting molecules in space. How can its findings contribute to future space exploration?" (250 words)

Conclusion

The SPHEREx Space Telescope is set to revolutionize our understanding of the universe’s origins, cosmic inflation, and the building blocks of life. By mapping 450 million galaxies and identifying water and organic molecules, SPHEREx will contribute significantly to space exploration, astrobiology, and cosmology. As we stand on the brink of new discoveries, this mission will pave the way for the next generation of space research and interstellar exploration. 

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• Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024: Key Findings, Gender D...

Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024: Key Findings, Gender Disparities & Insights

 

Introduction

The Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024, conducted by the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI), provides critical insights into how individuals allocate time across various activities. The survey highlights trends in employment, unpaid domestic work, caregiving, learning, leisure, and self-care, with a particular focus on gender disparities and changing societal roles.

This report is particularly relevant in India’s governance and social justice landscape, as it helps policymakers craft gender-sensitive policies, employment strategies, and social welfare programs to ensure inclusive development.

Key Findings from TUS 2024

1. Women’s Participation in Employment and Unpaid Work

• 25% of women (aged 15-59) engaged in employment-related activities, an increase from 21.8% in 2019.

• However, men spent 132 minutes more per day than women on employment activities (473 minutes vs. 341 minutes).

• Women dedicated 201 minutes more per day to unpaid domestic work (289 minutes vs. 88 minutes for men).

2. Caregiving and Domestic Responsibilities

• 41% of women participated in caregiving activities, compared to only 21.4% of men.

• Women spent 137 minutes/day on caregiving duties, while men spent 75 minutes/day.

• The time spent by women on unpaid domestic work declined from 315 minutes/day in 2019 to 305 minutes/day in 2024.

3. Learning and Skill Development

• 89.3% of children (aged 6-14) participated in learning activities, spending an average of 413 minutes/day.

• However, learning time declined for both genders:

  • Males: 415 minutes/day (a decline of 11 minutes).

  • Females: 413 minutes/day (a decline of 10 minutes).

4. Leisure, Mass Media, and Social Activities

• 11% of daily time was spent on leisure, culture, mass media, and sports, up from 9.9% in 2019.

• Time spent on socializing and communication remained constant for women (139 minutes/day), but decreased for men (from 147 minutes to 138 minutes).

5. Self-Care and Maintenance

• Individuals aged 6+ years spent an average of 708 minutes/day on self-care.

• Women spent 706 minutes/day, while men spent 710 minutes/day.

Analysis of TUS 2024 Report

Positive Trends

1. Increase in Women’s Workforce Participation

   • Women’s employment rate increased from 21.8% in 2019 to 25% in 2024.

   • Indicates a gradual shift toward economic empowerment.

2. Reduction in Unpaid Domestic Work for Women

   • A 10-minute daily reduction in unpaid domestic work for women signifies slow but positive progress toward gender equality.

3. Greater Recognition of Caregiving Responsibilities

   • Both men and women showed an increase in caregiving participation, reflecting changing family dynamics.

4. Rise in Cultural and Leisure Activities

   • The increase in time spent on leisure and mass media reflects improved work-life balance.

5. Higher Learning Participation Among Children

   • Despite a slight decline in study hours, 89.3% participation in learning activities suggests strong educational engagement.

Challenges and Negative Aspects

1. Persistent Gender Disparities in Household Work

   • Women still spend 201 minutes more than men on unpaid domestic work, indicating deeply ingrained gender roles.

2. Decline in Learning Time for Youth

   • The decrease in time spent on learning for both genders raises concerns about educational outcomes and possible distractions like social media.

3. Limited Male Participation in Caregiving

   • Only 21.4% of men engaged in caregiving activities, compared to 41% of women, showing an unequal burden on women.

4. Rural-Urban Employment Divide

   • 8% of rural individuals engaged in self-production activities, compared to 6.2% in urban areas, reflecting economic inequalities.

5. Gender Disparity in Employment

   • Women spent 132 minutes less per day than men in paid employment, highlighting barriers in job opportunities and workplace participation.

Way Forward: Policy Recommendations

1. Promote Gender Equality in Domestic Responsibilities

• Awareness Campaigns: Encourage equal sharing of unpaid household work.

• Workplace Support: Introduce paid paternity leave and family-friendly work policies.

2. Increase Women’s Workforce Participation

• Flexible Work Policies: Promote remote work, hybrid jobs, and flexible hours.

• Skill Development Programs: Expand vocational training in STEM, digital literacy, and entrepreneurship.

• Childcare Support: Strengthen affordable daycare facilities to help working mothers.

3. Revitalize Learning & Skill Development

• Digital Learning Initiatives: Expand online education and e-learning platforms.

• Vocational Training Centers: Set up skill-based programs to boost youth employability.

4. Reduce Rural-Urban Economic Disparities

• Rural Employment Schemes: Strengthen MNREGA and Skill India programs.

• Financial Inclusion: Increase access to credit, banking, and microfinance.

5. Data-Driven Policy Interventions

• Regular Time Use Surveys: Conduct annual surveys for better tracking of gender and labor trends.

• Nudging Corporate Policies: Encourage companies to implement gender-sensitive HR policies.

Conclusion

While TUS 2024 reveals positive trends in women’s employment and a reduction in unpaid domestic work, gender disparities remain. Policies focusing on economic empowerment, shared caregiving, and workforce inclusivity are necessary to achieve true gender equality and social progress.

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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for UPSC CSE

1. What is the primary objective of the Time Use Survey (TUS)? a) To track economic growth trends
   b) To analyze how individuals allocate their time across activities
   c) To measure literacy rates
   d) To assess GDP growth
   Answer: b) To analyze how individuals allocate their time across activities

2. Which age group showed the highest participation in learning activities according to TUS 2024? a) 15-30 years
   b) 6-14 years
   c) 30-45 years
   d) 45+ years
   Answer: b) 6-14 years

3. Which sector saw the highest increase in women’s participation in TUS 2024? a) Agriculture
   b) Manufacturing
   c) Employment-related activities
   d) Healthcare
   Answer: c) Employment-related activities

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Mains Question for UPSC CSE

Q: Distinguish between the 'care economy' and the 'monetized economy.' How can the care economy be brought into a monetized economy through women empowerment? (UPSC 2023)

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• Air Pollution Crisis: Global Mortality Impact, Cau...

Air Pollution Crisis: Global Mortality Impact, Causes & Solutions | UPSC

Introduction

Air pollution is a severe environmental and public health crisis, responsible for approximately 7 million premature deaths annually worldwide, as per the World Health Organization (WHO). The State of Global Air 2024 Report highlighted that air pollution was the second-leading risk factor for mortality, with over 1 million deaths recorded in 2021. Children under the age of five are among the worst affected. The increasing health burden, economic impact, and environmental degradation caused by air pollution require urgent policy interventions to mitigate its adverse effects.

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Health Impacts of Air Pollution

1. Respiratory Diseases

• PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) deeply penetrates the lungs, causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and lung cancer.

• Increased Infections: Airborne pollutants damage lung tissue and increase the risk of respiratory infections like pneumonia and bronchitis.

2. Cardiovascular Disorders

• Exposure to PM2.5 is linked to heart attacks, hypertension, and strokes.

• Pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) contribute to blood vessel inflammation, increasing cardiovascular risks.

3. Cognitive and Neurological Impact on Children

• Long-term PM2.5 exposure reduces cognitive abilities, affecting IQ levels and learning capacity.

• Studies link air pollution to higher risks of ADHD, anxiety, and neurodevelopmental disorders.

4. Impact on Elderly and Vulnerable Populations

• Senior citizens face higher risks of dementia and Alzheimer’s due to prolonged pollution exposure.

• Airborne toxins worsen pre-existing conditions like diabetes and hypertension, leading to higher mortality rates.

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Economic Consequences of Air Pollution

1. Reduced GDP Growth and Productivity Loss

• Dalberg Report (2019): India loses $95 billion annually (~3% of GDP) due to worker productivity loss caused by pollution-related illnesses.

• High levels of pollution increase employee absenteeism, reducing economic output.

2. Healthcare Burden

• Air pollution-driven diseases escalate public and private healthcare costs, adding stress to the healthcare system.

3. Decline in Agricultural Productivity

• Ozone pollution reduces crop yields, impacting food security and farm incomes.

• Soil contamination from industrial emissions depletes fertility, increasing fertilizer dependence.

4. Negative Impact on Tourism and Real Estate

• Smog and poor air quality deter tourists, leading to economic losses in tourism-dependent regions.

• Property values decline in highly polluted cities, reducing investment in urban infrastructure.

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Major Causes of Air Pollution

1. Vehicular Emissions

• Transport is a major contributor to PM2.5 and PM10 levels, especially in metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru.

• Diesel engines release NO₂ and SO₂, leading to smog formation and acid rain.

2. Industrial Emissions

• Factories emit carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), deteriorating air quality.

• Industrial clusters like Ghaziabad, Kanpur, and Ludhiana rank among the most polluted in India.

3. Construction and Dust Pollution

• Urbanization-driven construction projects contribute to fly ash, cement dust, and silica pollution.

• Road dust and improper waste disposal further aggravate air pollution levels.

4. Agricultural Biomass Burning

• Stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana results in seasonal spikes in pollution, affecting Delhi’s air quality.

• Crop residue combustion releases PM2.5, causing respiratory distress in urban populations.

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Mitigation Strategies and Policy Interventions

1. Strengthening Public Transport Infrastructure

• Only 39% of India’s population has access to reliable public transport, increasing private vehicle dependence.

• Expansion of metro networks and electric buses can reduce vehicular emissions.

2. Enforcing Stricter Vehicular Emission Norms

• Implementation of Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) fuel standards will curb transport-related pollution.

• CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency) III & IV norms will push for zero-emission vehicles.

3. Promoting Renewable Energy

• Expansion of solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy projects will reduce coal dependence.

• Incentives for electric vehicles (EVs), green hydrogen, and compressed natural gas (CNG) adoption are essential.

4. Reducing Industrial Emissions

• Installation of scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and air filters in factories can reduce toxic emissions.

• Strict pollution control norms for industries will ensure compliance with environmental regulations.

5. Addressing Agricultural Pollution

• Bio-decomposers and alternative stubble management techniques can eliminate crop burning.

• Subsidies for eco-friendly disposal of agricultural waste will reduce reliance on biomass burning.

6. Enhancing Urban Greening and Pollution Control Measures

• Planting urban forests and green corridors will help absorb pollutants.

• Increasing real-time air quality monitoring stations will improve enforcement of pollution control policies.

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Conclusion

With India targeting a 40% reduction in air pollution by 2026, strict enforcement of environmental policies, increased investment in clean energy, and public awareness campaigns are essential. A collaborative effort between the government, industries, and citizens can transform India into a pollution-free nation. The time to act is now—before the air we breathe turns into a global crisis.

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UPSC Practice MCQs

1. Which of the following pollutants is the primary cause of smog formation? a) Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
   b) Nitrogen Oxide (NO₂)
   c) Methane (CH₄)
   d) Water Vapor
   Answer: b) Nitrogen Oxide (NO₂)

2. Which Indian states are most affected by agricultural stubble burning? a) Maharashtra and Gujarat
   b) Punjab and Haryana
   c) Kerala and Tamil Nadu
   d) Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
   Answer: b) Punjab and Haryana

3. What is the primary aim of Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) fuel standards? a) Reducing sulfur content in fuels
   b) Enhancing fuel efficiency
   c) Increasing diesel consumption
   d) Reducing carbon capture
   Answer: a) Reducing sulfur content in fuels

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UPSC Mains Practice Question

How has rapid urbanization contributed to the worsening air pollution levels in Indian cities? Suggest sustainable urban planning solutions to mitigate this challenge. (250 words)

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• The AI Disruption: Impact on Jobs, Economy, and th...

The AI Disruption: Impact on Jobs, Economy, and the Future of Work

 

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming industries, reshaping labor markets, and altering economic structures at an unprecedented pace. Unlike previous technological revolutions that primarily impacted blue-collar jobs, AI is now disrupting knowledge-based professions, automating cognitive tasks, and altering decision-making processes.

The Economic Survey 2024-25 acknowledges AI’s transformative impact on India’s labor market, presenting an optimistic framework focused on reskilling, education, and economic adaptation. However, with AI evolving faster than institutions can respond, mitigating structural job losses remains a challenge.

The Evolution of Automation: From Luddites to AI Displacement

Historical Resistance to Automation

• Luddites (1811-1817): Textile workers protested against mechanized looms replacing skilled labor.

• Industrial Revolution (19th century): Steam power and machines displaced traditional craftsmen but created factory jobs.

• Computer Revolution (20th century): Automation replaced clerical jobs but enhanced human intelligence.

• AI Revolution (21st century): AI is now replacing high-skilled professions in finance, healthcare, law, and education.

The AI Takeover: Cognitive Job Disruption

Unlike previous revolutions, AI threatens white-collar jobs by outperforming humans in strategic decision-making. The breakthrough moment came in 2016, when AlphaGo defeated world champion Lee Sedol, demonstrating AI's ability to handle complex decisions beyond human capabilities.

AI’s Disruption Across Industries

1. Healthcare

• AI-powered diagnostics (DeepMind, Watson): More accurate than radiologists in detecting diseases.

• AI-driven oncology treatment recommendations: Personalized treatment plans based on predictive analytics.

• Robot-assisted surgeries: Enhancing precision, reducing human error.

2. Law and Criminal Justice

• Predictive policing algorithms: Analyzing crime patterns for law enforcement.

• AI-powered risk assessment tools (COMPAS): Used in sentencing and parole decisions.

• Legal research automation: Replacing junior associates in law firms.

3. Education

• AI-driven personalized learning (DreamBox, Duolingo): Adaptive learning experiences tailored to students.

• Automated grading and assessment: Reducing the need for human evaluators.

• Virtual tutors and AI-assisted teaching: Lowering teacher dependency.

4. Financial Services

• Algorithmic trading: AI executing high-frequency trades faster than human traders.

• Fraud detection systems: Identifying suspicious transactions in real-time.

• AI-driven credit risk modeling: Automating loan approvals and underwriting.

5. Customer Support & IT Outsourcing

• AI chatbots and virtual assistants: Replacing call center jobs.

• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Automating client interactions.

• AI-assisted coding (GitHub Copilot, ChatGPT): Reducing the demand for junior programmers.

The AI-Induced Job Crisis: Data & Predictions

Key Statistics

• IIM Ahmedabad Survey (2024): 68% of professionals expect partial or full job automation within five years.

• McKinsey Global Institute: Up to 30% of global work hours could be automated by 2030.

• Indian IT sector impact:

  • PhonePe: Automated 60% of customer support workforce.

  • ICICI Bank: AI-led credit underwriting reduced human risk assessors.

AI vs. Previous Industrial Transitions

Unlike manufacturing automation, AI does not require massive capital investment. It is accessible, scalable, and rapidly adopted by industries seeking efficiency.

The Economic Survey’s AI Strategy: Strengths & Limitations

Government’s Proposed Measures

• AI-Specific Skilling Initiatives: Focus on creativity, adaptability, and problem-solving.

• Institutional Reforms: Policies to mitigate AI-induced job displacement.

• Productivity Augmentation: Ensuring AI complements, rather than replaces, human labor.

Challenges & Criticism

• Time Mismatch: Institutional reforms take years, while AI adoption is exponentially increasing.

• Market-Driven AI Adoption: Companies prioritize efficiency and cost-cutting over workforce protection.

• Limited Government Preparedness: The AI revolution is outpacing policy interventions.

The Way Forward: Policy Recommendations

1. AI-Specific Workforce Strategies

• Mandatory AI retraining programs for employees in vulnerable sectors.

• Integration of AI in school curriculums under NEP 2020.

• Public-private partnerships to align AI training with industry demands.

2. Legal and Economic Safeguards

• AI labor impact assessments before large-scale automation.

• AI taxation models to fund unemployment benefits and reskilling programs.

• Stronger labor protection laws to regulate AI-driven layoffs.

3. Government-Led AI Innovation Ecosystem

• Increased AI R&D funding under the Digital India initiative.

• National AI strategy promoting ethical AI deployment.

• Job creation in emerging fields such as robotics, green tech, and space exploration.

Conclusion

AI is an unprecedented technological force—capable of both augmenting human potential and displacing traditional jobs. If left to market forces alone, AI risks exacerbating unemployment and economic inequality. Proactive policymaking, education reform, and ethical AI governance are crucial to ensuring AI benefits society as a whole.

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UPSC Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which of the following best defines Surveillance Capitalism? A) A new taxation model for AI-driven companies
B) An economic system based on monetizing user data for profit
C) A government policy to regulate AI development
D) A free-market approach to industrial automation
Answer: B

2. What distinguishes AI disruption from previous technological revolutions? A) AI automates only low-skill jobs
B) AI primarily affects knowledge-based professions
C) AI adoption is slower than past industrial transitions
D) AI eliminates the need for labor unions
Answer: B

3. Which of the following measures can help mitigate AI-induced job losses? A) Banning AI development
B) Implementing AI-specific retraining programs
C) Increasing corporate taxes on automation
D) Both B and C
Answer: D

4. Which sector is least likely to be disrupted by AI in the near future? A) Customer support
B) Software development
C) Industrial agriculture
D) Personal care services
Answer: D

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UPSC Mains Question

“AI-driven automation enhances productivity but also leads to job displacement. How can India strike a balance between technological advancement and employment security? Suggest innovative solutions.” (250 words).

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• Surveillance Capitalism: Impact, Challenges & Regu...