Space Debris – Threats, Laws, and India’s Initiatives

Introduction

The increasing volume of space debris poses a significant threat to global space operations. The recent incident of a 500-kg space object crashing in Kenya has reignited concerns over space governance, liability, and mitigation measures. With the rise of mega-constellations and the growing number of satellites, urgent global action is required to ensure sustainable space activities.

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What is Space Debris?

Space debris refers to non-functional human-made objects that remain in Earth’s orbit or re-enter the atmosphere. These include:

• Defunct Satellites – Satellites that have outlived their operational life.

• Spent Rocket Stages – Rocket boosters and fuel tanks left in orbit.

• Collision Fragments – Debris from satellite crashes or missile tests.

• Microscopic Particles – Paint flakes and tiny metallic fragments.

Types of Space Debris

1. Large Debris – Defunct satellites, rocket boosters, and abandoned spacecraft.

2. Small Debris – Fragments from satellite collisions and missile tests.

3. Microscopic Debris – Tiny particles that erode spacecraft surfaces over time.

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Space Debris Threats and Challenges

1. Rising Space Traffic

• The increasing deployment of satellite mega-constellations (e.g., Starlink, OneWeb, Kuiper) elevates the risk of collision and fragmentation.

2. Uncontrolled Re-entries

• Lack of international penalties for countries allowing uncontrolled space object descents.

3. Difficulty in Tracking and Attribution

• Many debris pieces are difficult to track, identify, and attribute to a specific country or company.

4. Weak Enforcement of Space Debris Laws

• There are no binding international regulations that mandate effective debris management.

5. Space Environment Pollution

• Space debris increases the risk of Kessler Syndrome – a cascading collision event that could make Earth’s orbit unusable.

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Existing Space Debris Laws

1. Outer Space Treaty (1967)

• Holds nations responsible for space activities conducted by both government and private entities.

2. Liability Convention (1972)

• Imposes absolute liability on launching states for damages caused by their space objects on Earth.

3. Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines (UN COPUOS)

• Encourages safe satellite disposal and deorbiting but lacks legal enforcement.

4. 25-Year Rule (UN & IADC)

• Recommends that defunct satellites should be deorbited within 25 years – yet only 30% compliance has been observed globally.

5. National Regulations

• Countries like USA, EU, and China have domestic policies to track, manage, and mitigate space debris, but enforcement remains weak.

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India’s Initiatives for Space Debris Management

1. ISRO System for Safe & Sustainable Operations Management (IS4OM)

• Launched in 2022, IS4OM monitors space objects posing collision threats to Indian satellites.

2. Project Netra (Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis)

• Tracks and catalogs debris as small as 10 cm within a range of 3,400 km.

3. Collision Avoidance Manoeuvres

• In 2022, ISRO performed 21 collision avoidance manoeuvres to protect operational satellites.

4. Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Control Centre (2020)

• India’s centralized hub for monitoring and managing space traffic.

5. International Collaboration

• India actively participates in UN discussions on space debris mitigation and sustainability.

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Way Forward: Strategies for Space Debris Management

1. Binding Global Regulations

• The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) must enforce mandatory space debris disposal rules and penalties for violations.

2. Advanced Tracking Systems

• Expand the use of AI-based tracking, Space Fence, and global monitoring networks to predict debris collisions.

3. Mandatory Deorbiting Plans

• Space agencies should mandate satellite deorbiting plans before granting launch approvals.

4. Independent Global Liability Tribunal

• Establish an international arbitration body to ensure swift compensation for damages caused by space debris.

5. Sustainable Space Technologies

• Encourage reusable rockets, cleaner propulsion systems, and debris removal missions.

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Conclusion

With the rapid increase in space activity, uncontrolled reentries pose significant risks. The lack of binding regulations has left affected nations without legal recourse. Strengthening global cooperation, strict debris disposal rules, and an effective liability framework are crucial for long-term space sustainability.

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MCQs on Space Debris (UPSC CSE)

1. What is the primary cause of space debris accumulation? (a) Meteor showers
(b) Satellite failures and collisions
(c) Solar flares
(d) Cosmic radiation
Answer: (b)

2. Which treaty holds nations responsible for space activities? (a) Moon Agreement
(b) Outer Space Treaty
(c) Vienna Convention
(d) Kyoto Protocol
Answer: (b)

3. What is the objective of Project Netra? (a) Space tourism development
(b) Space debris tracking and monitoring
(c) Rocket propulsion research
(d) Weather forecasting
Answer: (b)

4. Which organization formulated Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines? (a) ISRO
(b) NASA
(c) UN COPUOS
(d) European Space Agency
Answer: (c)

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Mains Question for UPSC CSE

Q. Discuss the growing threats posed by space debris and evaluate India’s initiatives for space debris mitigation. Suggest measures to strengthen global governance in space sustainability. (250 words).

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Quantum Technology in Defence: Strategic Importance for India

Introduction
Quantum technology is emerging as a game-changer in the field of defence and national security. The recent strategic paper released by NITI Aayog highlights the rapid evolution of quantum computing and its implications for India’s security landscape. With its ability to process information exponentially faster than classical computers, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize cryptography, intelligence gathering, and military applications.

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What is Quantum Computing?
Quantum computing harnesses the principles of superposition and entanglement, enabling quantum bits (qubits) to exist in multiple states simultaneously. Unlike classical computing, which processes data as either 0 or 1, quantum computers can perform complex calculations in parallel, leading to exponential gains in computational power.

Recent Advances in Quantum Technology

1. Longer Qubit Coherence – Companies like Atom Computing and ColdQuanta have developed techniques to enhance qubit stability, allowing prolonged computations.

2. High-Fidelity Qubit Control – IBM and Quantinuum are improving quantum error correction, increasing computational accuracy.

3. Self-Correcting Quantum Systems – Google’s Willow chip has introduced a new level of fault-tolerant quantum computing.

4. Topological Qubits – Microsoft’s Majorana-1 provides greater stability, reducing the need for complex error corrections.

5. Diverse Qubit Modalities – Quantum computing now explores multiple approaches, including superconducting circuits, trapped ions, photonic qubits, and neutral atoms.

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India’s Progress in Quantum Technology

1. National Quantum Mission (2023): A ₹6,003 crore initiative aims to enhance quantum computing, cryptography, and communication.

2. Growing Startup Ecosystem: Indian companies like QpiAI, BosonQ Psi, and TCS Quantum Computing Lab are leading innovation.

3. Academic and Industry Collaboration: Government initiatives are fostering partnerships between IITs, ISRO, DRDO, and private enterprises.

4. International Partnerships: India is actively engaging with the US, Europe, and Japan to boost research in quantum sciences.

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Applications of Quantum Technology in Defence

1. Cybersecurity & Cryptography: Quantum computers can break traditional encryption, necessitating the development of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC).

2. Intelligence & Surveillance: Quantum computing enables rapid decryption and advanced Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) for real-time monitoring.

3. Quantum Materials & Military Hardware: Advanced stealth detection, autonomous weapons, and secure navigation rely on quantum-based sensors.

4. Battlefield Logistics & Optimization: Quantum AI enhances military strategy, improving resource allocation in high-stakes operations.

5. Economic Warfare Protection: Quantum cryptography ensures secure financial transactions, protecting critical infrastructure from cyber threats.

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Challenges in Quantum Computing

1. High Error Rates: Quantum systems are prone to decoherence and noise, affecting reliability.

2. Hardware Scalability: Developing a large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum system remains a technological hurdle.

3. Expensive Infrastructure: Quantum computing requires cryogenic cooling and high-precision control, making it cost-intensive.

4. Cybersecurity Threats: Governments need to shift to quantum-safe encryption before adversaries exploit quantum decryption.

5. Global Geopolitical Competition: Nations like the US, China, and Europe are making significant investments, leading to export restrictions and technology protectionism.

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Way Forward for India

1. Strengthen National Quantum Mission: Increased funding and R&D support is crucial for self-reliance in quantum technologies.

2. Invest in Quantum Cryptography: Government agencies must accelerate the adoption of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC).

3. Develop a Skilled Quantum Workforce: Expansion of quantum education and training programs will ensure talent availability.

4. Indigenous Quantum Hardware Development: Supporting domestic fabrication of quantum chips and qubit systems is essential.

5. Enhance International Collaboration: Engaging in global technology-sharing agreements can help India stay competitive in quantum advancements.

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Conclusion

Quantum computing is no longer a futuristic concept but a strategic necessity for national security. As quantum breakthroughs advance in areas like qubit stability, error correction, and AI-driven applications, nations worldwide are investing heavily to secure technological dominance. India’s National Quantum Mission must focus on self-reliance in quantum technologies to safeguard defence, cybersecurity, and economic stability.

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MCQs on Quantum Technology for UPSC CSE

1. Which principle allows quantum bits (qubits) to exist in multiple states simultaneously?
   a) Classical Computation
   b) Superposition
   c) Boolean Logic
   d) Binary Arithmetic
   Answer: (b) Superposition

2. What is the key challenge in developing quantum computers for practical use?
   a) Limited storage capacity
   b) High power consumption
   c) Quantum decoherence and error rates
   d) Slow processing speed
   Answer: (c) Quantum decoherence and error rates

3. Which Indian initiative aims to advance quantum computing and cryptography?
   a) Digital India Programme
   b) Make in India
   c) National Quantum Mission
   d) Cyber Suraksha Abhiyan
   Answer: (c) National Quantum Mission

4. Which of the following is NOT a type of qubit modality?
   a) Trapped ions
   b) Photonic qubits
   c) Superconducting circuits
   d) Microprocessors
   Answer: (d) Microprocessors

5. Why is Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) important for cybersecurity?
   a) It reduces the cost of encryption
   b) It strengthens traditional cryptography
   c) It protects data against quantum decryption threats
   d) It replaces all classical encryption methods
   Answer: (c) It protects data against quantum decryption threats

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Mains Question:

Quantum computing is transforming the landscape of cybersecurity and national defence. Discuss its strategic implications for India and suggest measures to enhance India’s quantum capabilities. (250 words).

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SC Ruling on Online Child Abuse | Digital Child Safety

Introduction

The Supreme Court of India has delivered a landmark judgment aimed at curbing online child sexual abuse, reinforcing legal safeguards against the exploitation of children in the digital age. This ruling expands criminal liability for possessing, downloading, and distributing Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material (CSEAM), addressing the root cause of demand for such content. By strengthening India's commitment to child protection, this decision aligns with global efforts to combat online child exploitation and uphold children's rights.

Background: Evolution of Legal Perspective

Madras High Court's Controversial Ruling

• In January 2024, the Madras High Court ruled that merely watching or downloading child pornography was not a criminal offense, triggering widespread concerns among child rights activists and legal experts.

• This decision weakened the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, potentially normalizing the passive consumption of child abuse content.

Supreme Court’s Overruling of the Verdict

• In September 2024, the Supreme Court overturned this ruling, classifying online child exploitation as a grave criminal offense.

• The judgment broadened the scope of accountability by criminalizing the mere possession of CSEAM, ensuring stricter enforcement of digital child protection laws.

Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Judgment

1. Reframing the Narrative

• The court replaced the term “child pornography” with Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material (CSEAM) to emphasize the gravity of the crime and ensure a victim-centric legal approach.

2. Criminalization of Possession and Storage of CSEAM

• Downloading, storing, or possessing CSEAM is now a punishable offense under Indian law, creating a strong deterrent against digital exploitation.

• The ruling aims to reduce demand for such content, thereby discouraging its creation and circulation.

3. Holding Social Media Platforms Accountable

• The judgment mandates digital intermediaries, including social media platforms and cloud storage providers, to immediately report CSEAM cases to law enforcement authorities.

• Tech companies are required to enhance content moderation and take proactive measures to remove exploitative material.

4. Addressing the Psychological and Social Impact on Victims

• The court recognized that online sexual abuse imagery causes continuous harm, as victims experience re-victimization every time their images resurface.

• Psychological trauma, social stigma, and long-term distress faced by victims necessitate stronger rehabilitation frameworks.

5. Strengthening India’s International Commitments

• The judgment aligns with India’s obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), which mandates the protection of children from online exploitation.

• India is also committed to the WeProtect Global Alliance and the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime in its fight against digital sexual abuse.

Constitutional Provisions Supporting Child Protection

1. Article 21: Right to Life and Dignity

• The ruling reinforces that online sexual abuse violates a child’s dignity and safety, falling under the ambit of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

2. Article 15(3): Special Provisions for Children

• Empowers the State to make protective laws for children's welfare, forming the constitutional foundation of the POCSO Act, 2012.

3. Article 39(e) and (f): Directive Principles of State Policy

• Directs the State to prevent the exploitation of children and ensure their healthy development.

• The judgment reinforces the government’s responsibility to safeguard children from digital abuse.

Legal Framework Against Online Child Sexual Abuse

1. POCSO Act, 2012

• Criminalizes the creation, distribution, and possession of CSEAM.

• Provides for stringent punishments to offenders exploiting minors online.

2. Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000

• Defines cybercrimes, including electronic distribution of child sexual abuse content.

• Empowers law enforcement agencies to block and remove CSEAM-related content.

3. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

• Provides a child-friendly legal process and special provisions for victims of abuse.

• Encourages rehabilitation and reintegration of affected children.

Challenges in Enforcing the Supreme Court Judgment

1. Encryption and Technological Barriers

• End-to-end encryption in messaging apps makes it difficult for authorities to detect and intercept CSEAM.

2. AI-Generated Child Exploitation Content

• Deepfake technology allows the creation of synthetic child abuse material, complicating legal action.

3. Global Spread of CSEAM Networks

• Cross-border digital networks make tracking and removing CSEAM a complex international challenge.

• Social media companies headquartered abroad hinder law enforcement collaboration.

4. Shortage of Cybercrime Experts

• Lack of trained forensic experts and cybercrime investigators limits the enforcement of digital child protection laws.

5. Inadequate Victim Rehabilitation Programs

• Existing laws focus more on punishing offenders but lack holistic rehabilitation provisions for victims.

Way Forward: Strengthening Digital Child Protection Laws

1. Defining Cybercrimes Explicitly

• Indian laws should explicitly define cybercrimes, including AI-generated child sexual abuse content, as organized crime.

2. Stricter Accountability for Social Media Platforms

• Mandate real-time reporting of CSEAM cases to law enforcement agencies.

• Strengthen compliance mechanisms for content moderation and proactive monitoring.

3. Establishing a National Digital Forensic Lab

• A dedicated forensic lab should be created to analyze and track CSEAM distribution.

4. Creating a National Sex Offender Registry

• Maintain a database of individuals convicted of CSEAM-related crimes.

• Such individuals should be barred from professions involving children.

International Cooperation for a Global Response

1. Recognizing CSEAM as a Global Threat

• The multi-billion-dollar industry of online child abuse requires international intervention.

2. Establishing a Global Convention Against CSEAM

• A legally binding agreement should streamline global cooperation between law enforcement agencies.

3. Creating an International Sex Offender Registry

• A global database of convicted sex offenders can aid in tracking and preventing cross-border offenses.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s ruling is a significant milestone in India's fight against online child sexual abuse. It reinforces legal protections for children while holding perpetrators and digital platforms accountable. A comprehensive strategy, involving stronger legal frameworks, technological advancements, and global collaboration, is essential to combat the growing menace of CSEAM and protect children’s rights.

MCQs for UPSC CSE

1. Which Supreme Court ruling criminalized the possession of Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material (CSEAM)?                                                                                                                            a) Vishaka Guidelines Case
   b) Puttaswamy Judgment
   c) 2024 Supreme Court Ruling on Online Child Sexual Abuse
   d) Maneka Gandhi Case

2. Under which constitutional provision is the right to dignity of children protected?                        a) Article 19 b) Article 21 c) Article 32 d) Article 14

Mains Question

The Supreme Court's judgment on online child sexual abuse has redefined child protection laws in India. Analyze its impact on digital safety, constitutional safeguards, and international commitments. (250 words).

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