Daily Current Affairs for IAS PCS (UPSC CSE)

Stay updated with the latest Daily current affairs for IAS PCS (UPSC CSE) preparation. Our blog covers detailed analyses of national and international events, government schemes, economic policies, environmental issues, cultural heritage, and global relations. We provide crisp insights, MCQs, and mains practice questions to enhance your preparation strategy. Whether it’s daily news, PIB summaries, or editorial breakdowns, our content is designed for effective learning.

Tuesday, March 11, 2025

Crack UPSC Prelims 2025: 75-Day Strategy for Success!

The UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2025 is scheduled for May 25, 2025, which means you have about 75 days left to turn your UPSC dream into reality. The Prelims is not just an exam—it’s the first big hurdle that separates aspirants from achievers. This guide will provide you with a strategic study plan, essential resources, and expert tips to maximize your score and ensure success in UPSC Prelims 2025.

1. Understanding UPSC Prelims 2025 – Exam Structure

Before diving into preparation, it's essential to understand the exam pattern.

Paper 1: General Studies (GS)

Total Questions: 100
Total Marks: 200
Duration: 2 Hours
Negative Marking: Yes (1/3rd deduction for wrong answers)
Topics Covered: History, Geography, Polity, Economy, Science & Tech, Environment, and Current Affairs

Paper 2: CSAT (Civil Services Aptitude Test)

Total Questions: 80
Total Marks: 200
Duration: 2 Hours
Negative Marking: Yes (1/3rd deduction for wrong answers)
Qualifying Marks: 33% (67 marks)
Topics Covered: Comprehension, Logical Reasoning, Basic Numeracy

✅ Note: CSAT is only qualifying, but don’t ignore it, as many aspirants fail due to weak aptitude skills.

2. Study Plan for UPSC Prelims 2025 (75 Days Strategy)

With limited time left, smart preparation is key. Here’s a 75-day roadmap to ensure maximum efficiency:

Phase 1: Conceptual Clarity (March 11 – April 10, 2025) [30 Days]

📌 Goal: Revise NCERTs, standard books, and practice topic-wise MCQs.

Polity: Read Laxmikanth & solve previous year questions.
History: Cover NCERTs (Class 6-12), Spectrum for Modern History.
Geography: Study NCERTs, GC Leong, and Maps.
Economy: Read NCERT Class 11-12, Ramesh Singh, and Economic Survey.
Environment: Cover Shankar IAS book & Current Affairs.
Science & Tech: Focus on current developments, ISRO, and Nobel Prize-related topics.
Current Affairs: Revise the last one-year of current events from PIB, The Hindu, and Vision IAS Monthly Compilation.

🔹 Daily Plan:
✅ Study 8-10 hours daily
✅ Morning: Read and revise theory
✅ Afternoon: Solve MCQs topic-wise
✅ Evening: Revise mistakes and update notes

Phase 2: Intensive Practice (April 11 – May 10, 2025) [30 Days]

📌 Goal: Full-length test practice & revision.

Attempt one full-length test every 2 days (Solve at least 15-20 mock tests).
Analyze mistakes & revise weak topics.
Revise standard books 2-3 times.
Practice CSAT daily (1 hour) to ensure qualification.

Phase 3: Final Revision (May 11 – May 24, 2025) [14 Days]

📌 Goal: Mastery through multiple revisions.

Revise entire syllabus twice.
Solve UPSC previous year papers (last 10 years).
Memorize important facts, reports, and government schemes.
Take at least 5 full-length tests in the last 2 weeks.
Stay mentally relaxed and confident before the exam.

3. Best Books & Resources for UPSC Prelims 2025

Static Subjects:

📖 Polity: M. Laxmikanth
📖 History: Spectrum Modern History, NCERTs
📖 Geography: NCERTs, GC Leong, Oxford Atlas
📖 Economy: Ramesh Singh, Economic Survey, Budget Summary
📖 Environment: Shankar IAS Book

📖 Science and Technology (esencia Mind Maps): H.S. Sidhu (Unique Publishers)

Current Affairs & Reports:

📰 Newspapers: The Hindu / Indian Express
📌 Magazines: Yojana, Kurukshetra
📊 Reports: Economic Survey, Budget, India Year Book

Mock Tests & Practice:

📑 Vision IAS, Insights IAS, Drishti IAS Prelims Mock Tests

4. Time Management During UPSC Prelims 2025 Exam

⏳ Time Allocation Strategy for GS Paper 1:
✅ Easy Questions (First 40 mins): Attempt questions you are sure about.
✅ Moderate Questions (Next 50 mins): Apply elimination techniques.
✅ Tough Questions (Last 30 mins): Take calculated risks if required.

5. Common Mistakes to Avoid in UPSC Prelims 2025

🚫 Ignoring CSAT Preparation: Many fail because they assume CSAT is easy. Practice daily!
🚫 Not Solving Mock Tests: Attempt at least 30 mock tests before the exam.
🚫 Not Revising NCERTs: NCERTs form the foundation of UPSC Prelims.
🚫 Last-Minute Cramming: Focus on revision, not new topics in the last month.

6. UPSC Prelims 2025 MCQs (Practice Questions)

1️⃣ Which of the following rivers originates from the Amarkantak Plateau?
a) Godavari
b) Narmada ✅
c) Kaveri
d) Tapti

2️⃣ Who presides over the joint sitting of Parliament in India?
a) Vice President
b) Speaker of Lok Sabha ✅
c) Chief Justice of India
d) President of India

3️⃣ Which Article of the Indian Constitution deals with the impeachment of the President?
a) Article 52
b) Article 61 ✅
c) Article 72
d) Article 356

4️⃣ What is the base year for calculating GDP in India?
a) 2011-12 ✅
b) 2014-15
c) 2017-18
d) 2020-21

7. FAQs About UPSC Prelims 2025

Q1. How much time is required to clear UPSC Prelims 2025?

✅ Ideal preparation time is 12-18 months, but 75 days of focused study can also help you clear the exam.

Q2. Is NCERT enough for UPSC Prelims?

✅ NCERTs are essential, but standard reference books are also needed for Polity, Economy, and Environment.

Q3. How to avoid negative marking in UPSC Prelims?

✅ Attempt only 50-60 questions confidently first. Use intelligent guessing only when needed.

Q4. How many hours should I study for UPSC in the last 75 days?

✅ Aim for 8-10 hours daily with structured revision, test practice, and answer analysis.

Q5. What is the best way to revise for UPSC Prelims in the last month?

✅ Focus on PYQs, mock tests, government schemes, and static concepts. Avoid new topics.

Conclusion

Cracking UPSC Prelims 2025 is all about smart planning, disciplined execution, and revision. With 75 days left, use this roadmap, follow a strategic study plan, and trust the process.

🚀 You have the potential—make it happen!

Extradition Treaty: Meaning, Process, and Challenges

Introduction

Extradition is a crucial legal process that allows a country to request the surrender of an individual accused or convicted of a serious crime. It ensures that fugitives cannot evade justice by seeking refuge in another country. Recently, the US Supreme Court rejected Tahawwur Rana’s plea against extradition to India, clearing the way for his trial in the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack case. India has been pursuing his extradition since 2011, but delays in the US legal system prolonged the process.

What is an Extradition Treaty?

An extradition treaty is a formal agreement between two countries to transfer individuals accused or convicted of crimes, ensuring they face legal proceedings. Such treaties strengthen international cooperation in combating terrorism, financial fraud, organized crime, and other transnational offenses.

Countries with Which India Has an Extradition Treaty

India has signed extradition treaties with 48 countries, including:

United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, UAE, France, Germany, Russia, and South Korea. Additionally, India has extradition arrangements with 12 more countries, allowing case-specific extradition even in the absence of a formal treaty.

Challenges in Extradition

Extraditing individuals from foreign nations involves multiple challenges, including:

Legal Hurdles: Complex judicial procedures in foreign courts cause delays.
Political and Diplomatic Factors: Bilateral relations influence extradition decisions.
Human Rights Concerns: Some countries refuse extradition if they fear mistreatment, torture, or unfair trials.
Dual Criminality Principle: The alleged crime must be recognized as a criminal offense in both countries.
Bar on Political Offenses: Many countries do not extradite individuals accused of political offenses.

The Extradition Act, 1962

India’s extradition process is governed by the Extradition Act, 1962, which defines the procedures for extraditing fugitives both to and from India.

Key Provisions of the Act

Applicability: Covers extradition with and without treaties.
Dual Criminality Principle: The offense must be a crime in both the requesting and requested countries.
Extradition Offenses: Covers serious crimes, including terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking, and financial fraud.
Rule of Specialty: The individual can only be tried for the specific offense for which they were extradited.
Human Rights Protection: No extradition if there is a risk of torture or unfair trial.

Nodal Authorities Handling Extradition in India

The extradition process in India involves multiple agencies:

Ministry of External Affairs (MEA): Manages diplomatic procedures and formal extradition requests.
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI): Investigates and compiles necessary legal documents.
National Investigation Agency (NIA): Handles cases related to terrorism and national security.

How Does the Extradition Process Work?

Request Initiation: India submits an extradition request through diplomatic channels.
Verification and Approval: The foreign country evaluates the request based on legal and political considerations.
Judicial Review: The request undergoes scrutiny in the foreign nation’s legal system.
Decision and Execution: If approved, the fugitive is handed over to Indian law enforcement.

Conclusion

Extradition plays a crucial role in ensuring justice for crimes committed across borders. While treaties simplify the process, political, legal, and human rights concerns often pose significant challenges. Strengthening diplomatic ties and legal cooperation can enhance the effectiveness of India’s extradition framework.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) for UPSC CSE

1. What is an extradition treaty?
A) A trade agreement between two nations
B) A legal agreement for transferring fugitives
C) A diplomatic immunity clause
D) A military alliance pact
Answer: B) A legal agreement for transferring fugitives

2. How many countries have a formal extradition treaty with India?
A) 12
B) 48
C) 58
D) 72
Answer: B) 48

3. Which of the following is NOT a challenge in extradition?
A) Dual criminality principle
B) Bar on political offenses
C) Rapid judicial approvals
D) Human rights concerns
Answer: C) Rapid judicial approvals

4. Which Indian agency is responsible for handling extradition cases related to terrorism?
A) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
B) National Investigation Agency (NIA)
C) Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)
D) Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Answer: B) National Investigation Agency (NIA)

5. The Extradition Act in India was enacted in which year?
A) 1972
B) 1962
C) 1985
D) 1991
Answer: B) 1962

UPSC Mains Question

Q: Discuss the significance of the Extradition Act, 1962, in India’s legal framework. What challenges does India face in securing extraditions, and how can these challenges be addressed?

Also Read:

Satkosia Tiger Reserve: A Struggling Sanctuary for...

Satkosia Tiger Reserve: A Struggling Sanctuary for Conservation

Satkosia Tiger Reserve (STR), located in Odisha, remains a critical biodiversity hotspot despite facing significant conservation challenges. Recently, the reserve has gained attention due to human-wildlife conflicts, with 674 families being relocated as part of a tiger conservation initiative. However, despite these efforts, Satkosia remains one of the four tiger reserves in India without a single tiger.

Overview of Satkosia Tiger Reserve

Location & Geographical Significance

Satkosia Tiger Reserve spans across four districts in Odisha: Angul, Cuttack, Boudh, and Nayagarh. It serves as a crucial transitional zone between the Eastern Ghats and the Deccan Plateau, contributing to rich biodiversity and diverse ecosystems.

Establishment & Area

Established: 2007, through the merger of Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary (1976) and Baisipali Wildlife Sanctuary (1981).
Total Area: 1,136.70 sq. km.

Flora and Fauna

Satkosia Tiger Reserve is home to over 400 plant species, including Sal, Mahua, Bamboo, and medicinal plants. It supports a diverse range of wildlife, including elephants, leopards, mugger crocodiles, wild dogs, and over 200 species of birds. Despite once having 12 tigers (2007), the latest 2022 census revealed that there are no tigers left in the reserve.

Ramsar Recognition

The reserve is recognized as a Ramsar wetland of international importance, adding to its ecological significance.

Tiger Reintroduction Efforts: A Failed Initiative

In 2018, efforts were made to reintroduce tigers into Satkosia. Two tigers from Madhya Pradesh were relocated to the reserve, but the initiative failed due to poaching and mismanagement. This highlighted the need for better conservation strategies, habitat protection, and stronger anti-poaching measures.

Human-Wildlife Conflict & Relocation Issues

One of the biggest challenges Satkosia faces is human settlements within and around the reserve. There are 234 villages in the impact zone, leading to frequent human-wildlife conflicts over land, resources, and livestock predation. While voluntary resettlement programs have been initiated, socio-economic concerns continue to impact conservation efforts.

Role of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

What is NTCA?

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) responsible for tiger conservation and habitat management in India.

Establishment & Structure

Established in 2006, under Section 38L of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Amendment 2006).
Chairperson: Minister of Environment, Forest & Climate Change.
Vice-Chairperson: Minister of State (MoEFCC).
Members: Wildlife experts, environmental law professionals, and representatives from conservation NGOs.

Key Functions of NTCA

Project Tiger Implementation: Oversees all 58 tiger reserves.
Approval of Conservation Plans: Ensures scientific management of tiger habitats.
Habitat Protection & Corridor Development: Focuses on conflict reduction and ecological balance.
Monitoring & Evaluation: Conducts tiger population assessments using M-STrIPES technology.
Public Awareness & Capacity Building: Promotes eco-tourism, community participation, and anti-poaching initiatives.

Conclusion

Satkosia Tiger Reserve represents both the challenges and potential of India’s tiger conservation efforts. While human-wildlife conflict and failed tiger reintroduction have hampered its status as a thriving tiger habitat, effective conservation strategies, improved monitoring, and community engagement could pave the way for its revival as a significant tiger reserve in India.

MCQs for UPSC CSE Preparation

Satkosia Tiger Reserve is located in which Indian state?
a) Madhya Pradesh
b) Odisha
c) Chhattisgarh
d) West Bengal
Answer: b) Odisha
Which two sanctuaries were merged to form Satkosia Tiger Reserve?
a) Bandipur and Nagarhole Sanctuaries
b) Simlipal and Chandaka Sanctuaries
c) Satkosia Gorge and Baisipali Sanctuaries
d) Kanha and Panna Sanctuaries
Answer: c) Satkosia Gorge and Baisipali Sanctuaries
What was the major reason for the failure of the tiger reintroduction program in Satkosia?
a) Lack of food sources
b) Poaching and mismanagement
c) Extreme weather conditions
d) Overpopulation of tigers
Answer: b) Poaching and mismanagement
Which organization oversees Project Tiger in India?
a) Wildlife Trust of India
b) National Biodiversity Authority
c) National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
d) Zoological Survey of India
Answer: c) National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
What is the purpose of the M-STrIPES program?
a) Anti-poaching training
b) Monitoring tiger populations
c) Providing medical aid to wild animals
d) Forest fire management
Answer: b) Monitoring tiger populations

Mains Question for UPSC CSE

Discuss the challenges faced by Satkosia Tiger Reserve in Odisha and suggest measures for its effective conservation and revival as a thriving tiger habitat.

Also Read:

Madhav National Park: India’s 58th (newest) Tiger ...

Madhav National Park: India’s 58th (newest) Tiger Reserve

Source: TOI

Context

Madhav National Park in Madhya Pradesh has been designated as India’s 58th Tiger Reserve and the 9th in the state, enhancing conservation efforts for the Bengal tiger and boosting eco-tourism in the region.

About Madhav National Park

Location: Shivpuri district, Chambal region, Madhya Pradesh.
Established: 1958.
Area Covered: 354 sq km.
Flora and Fauna:
- Dry deciduous forest with teak, sal, and dhok trees.
- Home to tigers, leopards, wolves, chinkara, nilgai, and crocodiles.
Historical Significance:
- Named after Maharaja Madhav Rao Scindia.
- Previously a royal hunting ground.
Reintroduction of Tigers:
- Tiger reintroduction began in 2023, with three tigers (including two females) introduced.
Major Attractions:
- Sakhya Sagar Lake, George Castle, and eco-tourism activities.

What is a Tiger Reserve?

A Tiger Reserve is a protected area dedicated to the conservation of Bengal tigers and their ecosystems. It falls under Project Tiger (1973), a centrally sponsored scheme by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). These reserves ensure the growth of tiger populations, habitat conservation, and human-wildlife conflict mitigation.

Procedure to Designate a Tiger Reserve in India

Proposal & Identification: The State Government proposes a region based on the viability of the tiger population, habitat conditions, and biodiversity value.
Approval by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA): NTCA evaluates the proposal, considering factors such as tiger presence, ecological balance, and community impact.
Central Government Notification: After NTCA’s approval, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) declares the area as a Tiger Reserve under Section 38V of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Core & Buffer Zone Demarcation:
- Core Zone: Strictly protected for wildlife, with zero human disturbance.
- Buffer Zone: Allows regulated human activities to support conservation while considering local livelihoods.
Conservation Measures & Monitoring:
- Regular population surveys, habitat management, and anti-poaching measures.
- NTCA oversees monitoring through the M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) program.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for UPSC CSE

Madhav National Park is located in which state of India? a) Rajasthan
b) Madhya Pradesh
c) Maharashtra
d) Uttarakhand
Answer: b) Madhya Pradesh
Which year was Madhav National Park established?
a) 1947
b) 1958
c) 1973
d) 1985
Answer: b) 1958
Which organization oversees the implementation of Project Tiger?
a) WWF India
b) National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
c) Ministry of Home Affairs
d) National Biodiversity Authority
Answer: b) National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
Under which section of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, is a Tiger Reserve notified?
a) Section 28
b) Section 35
c) Section 38V
d) Section 42
Answer: c) Section 38V

Mains Question for UPSC CSE

Discuss the significance of tiger reserves in India’s biodiversity conservation. How does the establishment of new tiger reserves like Madhav National Park contribute to ecological balance and sustainable tourism?

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Closing the Gender Gap in India's Higher Judiciary

Closing the Gender Gap in India's Higher Judiciary

Introduction

Women’s representation in India’s judiciary has evolved significantly since Cornelia Sorabji became the first woman lawyer in 1924. However, despite increasing participation in the legal profession, gender disparity persists in the Supreme Court and High Courts. The underrepresentation of women in the higher judiciary highlights systemic barriers, biases, and procedural opacity. Addressing these challenges is crucial to ensuring a diverse, inclusive, and equitable judiciary.

Current Status of Women in the Higher Judiciary

1. Representation in High Courts

Women constitute only 14.27% of High Court judges (109 out of 764).
Several High Courts, including Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, and Tripura, have no women judges.
Allahabad High Court, the largest in India, has just 3 women judges out of 79 (approximately 2%).

2. Representation in the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court currently has only two women judges: Justice B.V. Nagarathna and Justice Bela Trivedi.
With Justice Bela Trivedi retiring in June 2025, the Supreme Court will have just one woman judge.

3. Age Disparity in Appointments

Women judges are appointed at an average age of 53 years, while men are appointed at 51.8 years.
This reduces their prospects of reaching senior positions such as Chief Justice of India (CJI).

4. Lack of Women in Leadership Roles

Out of 25 High Courts, only the Gujarat High Court has a woman Chief Justice.
No woman has ever served as the Chief Justice of India (CJI).

Challenges Contributing to Gender Imbalance

1. Systemic Inequality

Women lawyers face greater scrutiny in judicial appointments compared to men.
Women must constantly prove their merit, while men’s competence is often assumed.

2. Opaque Collegium System

The collegium lacks transparency in judicial appointments and recommendations.
The absence of structured criteria disproportionately affects women candidates.

3. Gender Bias in Recommendations

Since 2020, nine women recommended for High Court judgeships were not confirmed by the government.
Five of them were the only rejected names in their respective recommendation lists.

4. Limited Elevation from the Bar

In 75 years, only one woman has been elevated directly from the Bar to the Supreme Court.
In contrast, nine men have been elevated through this route.

5. Institutional Barriers

Fewer networking opportunities, lack of mentorship, and exclusion from leadership roles prevent women from advancing in the judiciary.
Discriminatory work culture and social biases further reinforce gender disparity.

Why Greater Women’s Representation Matters

1. Strengthens Judicial Legitimacy

A gender-diverse judiciary enhances public trust and reinforces the idea of impartial justice.

2. Improves Decision-Making

Diversity brings varied perspectives, leading to balanced and inclusive judgments.

3. Encourages Gender-Sensitive Jurisprudence

Women judges contribute significantly to cases involving women’s rights, family law, and sexual violence.
Their presence leads to a more empathetic and nuanced approach to justice delivery.

4. Enhances Access to Justice

Increased women’s representation helps encourage more women to seek legal recourse, improving legal accessibility.

5. Promotes Gender Equality in Governance

A gender-balanced judiciary reflects constitutional values of equality and inclusiveness.

Way Forward for Gender Parity in the Judiciary

1. Transparent Collegium Process

The collegium must establish structured eligibility criteria for judicial appointments.
A formal application process should allow women lawyers to express their interest in judgeships.

2. Mandatory Gender Representation

A policy ensuring that at least one-third of judges in High Courts and the Supreme Court are women should be institutionalized.

3. Merit-Based Selection with Diversity

Judicial appointments must consider both merit and gender inclusivity, ensuring excellence and fairness.

4. Mentorship and Leadership Support

Dedicated mentorship programs should train women lawyers for leadership roles in the judiciary.
Networking platforms should facilitate women’s professional growth.

5. Review of Rejected Recommendations

The government must adopt a policy requiring clear explanations when rejecting collegium recommendations, especially for women candidates.

Conclusion

Closing the gender gap in the higher judiciary is critical to upholding the constitutional principles of equality, inclusiveness, and justice. As Justice Indira Banerjee rightly emphasized, women’s appointments should become normalized rather than exceptional. By ensuring transparent, merit-driven, and gender-conscious appointment processes, India’s higher judiciary can truly reflect the diverse society it serves.

MCQs for UPSC CSE

1. What percentage of judges in India’s High Courts are women?

A) 10.5%
B) 14.27%
C) 20.3%
D) 25.6%
Answer: B) 14.27%

2. Which of the following High Courts has a woman Chief Justice as of 2025?

A) Delhi High Court
B) Allahabad High Court
C) Gujarat High Court
D) Bombay High Court
Answer: C) Gujarat High Court

3. What is a key challenge women face in judicial appointments?

A) Lack of legal education
B) Limited exposure to corporate law
C) Opaque collegium system and systemic bias
D) Shorter work experience compared to male counterparts
Answer: C) Opaque collegium system and systemic bias

4. Why is increasing women’s representation in the judiciary important?

A) It promotes judicial activism
B) It ensures greater gender-sensitive jurisprudence
C) It increases litigation cases
D) It strengthens legal technicalities
Answer: B) It ensures greater gender-sensitive jurisprudence

5. What is a suggested measure to improve gender diversity in the higher judiciary?

A) Completely removing the collegium system
B) Implementing mandatory one-third women representation
C) Reducing the number of judges
D) Increasing retirement age for men only
Answer: B) Implementing mandatory one-third women representation

Mains Question for UPSC CSE

Discuss the need for greater representation of women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity, and inclusiveness. Suggest reforms to address gender disparity in judicial appointments.

Also Read:

Impact of Climate Change on India’s Wheat Producti...

Impact of Climate Change on India’s Wheat Production l UPSC CSE Notes

Introduction

India's wheat production is facing significant challenges due to climate change. February 2025 was recorded as the hottest in 124 years, intensifying the risks to wheat crops. Rising temperatures, erratic weather patterns, and frequent heat waves are disrupting the wheat growing cycle, impacting yield, quality, and food security. This article explores the effects of climate change on wheat production in India, its economic consequences, and adaptive strategies for sustainable agriculture.

Impact of Rising Temperatures on Wheat Production

1. Record-Breaking Temperatures

February 2025 was India's hottest February in 124 years, with extreme heat expected in March.
Unseasonal temperature spikes during the crucial grain-filling stage reduce wheat yields.

2. Delayed Sowing Patterns

Warming of the Indian Ocean has disrupted the kharif season, leading to delays in wheat sowing.
Late sowing exposes wheat crops to early-season heat stress, impacting growth and productivity.

3. Frequent Marine Heat Waves

IITM projects up to 250 marine heat wave days annually by 2100, exacerbating climate risks.
Rising ocean temperatures influence monsoon variability, affecting agricultural cycles.

4. Lower Procurement Targets

Despite a production target of 115 million tones for 2024-25, the government reduced procurement expectations to 30 million tones.
Climate uncertainties have forced policymakers to reassess food stock strategies.

5. Export Restrictions

Wheat exports were banned in May 2022 due to climate-induced supply constraints and geopolitical disruptions.
Restrictions continue to ensure stable domestic wheat availability and control price inflation.

Effects of Climate Change on Wheat Production

1. Reduced Yield

Rising temperatures accelerate ripening, leading to early flowering and shorter grain-filling periods.
This results in reduced wheat yield and lower per-hectare production.

2. Degraded Grain Quality

Heat stress lowers starch content, leading to harder grains with lower milling quality.
Poor-quality wheat fetches lower market prices, impacting farmer earnings.

3. Resource Misuse

Farmers overuse fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides to combat climate stress, degrading soil health.
Excessive agrochemical use contributes to declining land productivity and environmental hazards.

4. Economic Distress

Wheat procurement in 2024-25 stood at 26.6 million tonnes, falling short of the 34.15 million tonnes target.
Farmers faced income losses due to lower procurement and fluctuating market prices.

5. Threat to Food Security

Reduced wheat supply pressures the Public Distribution System (PDS), impacting food availability.
Price inflation and reduced buffer stocks pose risks to national food security.

Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies

1. Heat-Resilient Crop Varieties

Developing wheat varieties with shorter growth cycles minimizes exposure to peak heat stress.
Research on drought and heat-resistant strains is crucial for climate adaptation.

2. Early Sowing Practices

Encouraging earlier sowing helps crops avoid extreme summer temperatures during maturation.
Adjusting sowing windows can optimize yield and crop resilience.

3. Enhanced Weather Monitoring

Strengthening real-time weather advisory systems enables farmers to make informed decisions.
Advanced forecasting tools assist in planning irrigation and pest management.

4. Precision Farming Techniques

Adopting precision agriculture methods like drip irrigation, soil sensors, and controlled fertilizer use improves efficiency.
Water conservation practices help sustain agricultural productivity in changing climates.

5. Policy Support

Expanding crop insurance schemes, such as Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), can mitigate financial losses.
Climate-specific insurance and credit facilities provide a safety net for farmers.

Conclusion

Climate change poses a growing threat to India's wheat production, reducing yields, affecting quality, and straining farmer incomes. While short-term financial relief is essential, long-term adaptation strategies such as climate-resilient crops, improved weather forecasting, and precision farming techniques are crucial for ensuring sustainable wheat production and national food security.

MCQs for UPSC CSE

1. What is the primary impact of rising temperatures on wheat production?

A) Increased wheat yield
B) Enhanced grain quality
C) Early ripening and reduced yield
D) Extended grain-filling period
Answer: C) Early ripening and reduced yield

2. Which of the following factors has disrupted wheat sowing patterns in India?

A) Decline in rainfall
B) Indian Ocean warming
C) Reduced government subsidies
D) Increase in wheat exports
Answer: B) Indian Ocean warming

3. What is a key adaptation strategy for wheat farming under climate change?

A) Increased pesticide use
B) Switching to rainfed agriculture
C) Early sowing and heat-resistant varieties
D) Complete ban on fertilizer use
Answer: C) Early sowing and heat-resistant varieties

4. Why did the Indian government impose wheat export restrictions in 2022?

A) Surplus wheat production
B) Increased global demand
C) Climate-induced production decline and domestic supply concerns
D) To promote organic farming
Answer: C) Climate-induced production decline and domestic supply concerns

5. How does precision farming help mitigate climate risks in wheat production?

A) Increases pesticide usage
B) Reduces water and nutrient wastage
C) Extends the crop cycle
D) Limits technological interventions
Answer: B) Reduces water and nutrient wastage

Mains Question for UPSC CSE

Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to climate change, discuss the need for crop insurance. Highlight the key features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and suggest measures for its effective implementation.

Also Read:

Climate Action & ESG Policies: Challenges & Future...

Climate Action & ESG Policies: Challenges & Future Trends

Introduction

Climate action and diversity policies are increasingly facing challenges due to shifting global political and economic priorities. The United States' withdrawal from the Paris Agreement and the rollback of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) policies highlight a trend of reduced commitment to sustainability and inclusivity.

Corporate strategies are also changing, with many businesses shifting away from Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles in favor of profit-driven models. While ESG once played a crucial role in corporate responsibility, its future now appears uncertain.

Climate Action Under Pressure

1. U.S. Policy Rollback and Its Impact

The U.S. has weakened its climate commitments, impacting global cooperation on carbon emissions reduction.
At COP29 (Baku, 2024), global leaders pledged $300 billion annually for climate finance in developing nations. However, reduced U.S. leadership weakens trust in these commitments.
The European Green Deal remains a strong sustainability framework, creating a policy gap between the U.S. and Europe.

2. Corporate Hesitation on Sustainability

Many global corporations and financial institutions are withdrawing from ESG initiatives, questioning their profitability.
The lack of uniform global standards for ESG investments makes measuring impact difficult.
However, businesses that fail to meet European sustainability regulations risk financial penalties and market exclusion.

3. Long-Term Business Case for ESG

Despite political shifts, sustainability-driven companies benefit from improved brand reputation and consumer trust.
Millennials and Gen Z prioritize sustainability, influencing corporate strategies and purchasing decisions.
Investors favor companies with strong ESG policies, ensuring long-term profitability and growth.

ESG vs. Traditional Profit-Driven Models

1. From CSR to ESG

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was traditionally centered around philanthropy and community engagement.
ESG integrates sustainability and governance into core business strategies, ensuring long-term stability.

2. India’s Approach to ESG

SEBI’s Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) mandates top 1,000 companies to disclose sustainability measures.
India’s renewable energy policies encourage corporations to integrate ESG into their operations.
ESG investing in India is growing, as businesses and investors recognize long-term benefits.

The Return of Profit-First Capitalism?

1. Friedman vs. Freeman: The Business Ethics Debate

Milton Friedman (1970): Businesses should focus solely on maximizing shareholder profits.
Edward Freeman: Companies should balance the interests of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, and society.
The current shift away from ESG reflects a return to profit-maximization, which may harm long-term business sustainability.

2. Lessons from Corporate Exploitation in History

The East India Company prioritized profit extraction, negatively impacting local economies.
William Dalrymple’s critique: Corporate capitalism often manipulates regulations to maximize profits.
ESG frameworks act as safeguards against such exploitative practices.

Way Forward

1. The Global Divide in ESG Commitment

Europe and developing nations continue to prioritize ESG and climate finance.
The U.S. shift toward deregulation may create sustainability disparities.
China and India’s renewable energy policies offer alternative ESG models.

2. ESG Compliance as a Competitive Advantage

Businesses that adhere to ESG regulations gain competitive advantages through:
- Carbon tax reductions.
- Avoiding regulatory fines.
- Increased consumer and investor confidence.

3. Public and Private Sector Roles in Climate Finance

The $300 billion annual commitment from COP29 can drive climate finance initiatives.
Governments alone cannot meet climate goals; private-sector investment is crucial.
The rise of sustainability-focused investment funds will shape global capital flows.

Conclusion

ESG is more than just a trend; it is an economic necessity that influences regulations, consumer preferences, and long-term financial viability. Businesses must decide whether to prioritize short-term profits or long-term sustainability and stakeholder trust. The challenges may be geopolitical, but solutions lie in responsible corporate governance and strategic sustainability policies.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for UPSC CSE

1. Which of the following is a key component of ESG investing?
a) Short-term profit maximization
b) Environmental sustainability
c) Ignoring governance structures
d) Eliminating all corporate regulations

Answer: b) Environmental sustainability

2. What is the primary goal of the Paris Agreement?
a) Reducing global poverty
b) Enhancing international trade
c) Limiting global temperature rise
d) Promoting military cooperation

Answer: c) Limiting global temperature rise

3. Which Indian regulatory body mandates sustainability reporting for top companies?
a) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
b) Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
c) NITI Aayog
d) Ministry of Finance

Answer: b) Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

4. What is the main argument of Milton Friedman’s profit-maximization theory?
a) Companies should focus on corporate philanthropy
b) Businesses must consider environmental and social factors
c) Firms should prioritize shareholder profits above all
d) ESG investments are more beneficial than profit-driven models

Answer: c) Firms should prioritize shareholder profits above all

5. Which global conference pledged $300 billion annually for climate finance in 2024?
a) COP26 (Glasgow)
b) COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh)
c) COP28 (Dubai)
d) COP29 (Baku)

Answer: d) COP29 (Baku)

Mains Question

Discuss the challenges in implementing ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) initiatives in a rapidly changing geopolitical environment. How can countries like India balance economic growth with sustainability goals? (250 Words).

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